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1 providing
n обеспечениеСинонимический ряд:1. provision (noun) contributing; equipping; furnishing; outfitting; procurement; provision; replenishment; stocking; supplying2. giving (verb) delivering; dishing out; dispensing; feeding; finding; furnishing; giving; hand over; handing; handing over; supplying; transferring; turn over; turning over3. offering (verb) affording; offering4. on condition that (other) if; in case that; in the event that; just in case; on condition; on condition that; provided; subject to; supposing -
2 providing that
it is a truism that … — общеизвестно, что …
on the grounds that — на том основании, что
the court held that … — суд признал, что …
by reason of the fact that — из-за того, что
my submission is that … — я утверждаю, что …
Синонимический ряд:as long as (other) as long as; if; if and only if; only if; provided that; with the proviso that -
3 on condition that
1. при условии еслиprovided that if — при условии, что
with proviso that — с условием, что
on the condition that — при условии, что
at the thought that … — при мысли о том, что …
2. при условии чтоfact that — то; что
so that — с тем; чтобы
Синонимический ряд:providing (other) if; in case that; in the event that; just in case; on condition; provided; providing; subject to; supposing -
4 POETS
1) Общая лексика: Tomorrow's Saturday2) Военный термин: Piss On Everything3) Биржевой термин: Pacific Options Exchange Trading System4) Грубое выражение: Piss Off Early Tomorrow's Saturday5) Университет: Providing Other Entertainment To Students6) Деловая лексика: Push Off Early Tomorrow's Saturday7) Чат: Push Off Early, Tomorrows Saturday -
5 if
1. n условие, оговорка; предположениеjump if not less — переход по выполнению условия "не меньше"
jump if greater — переход по выполнению условия "больше"
jump if below — переход по выполнению условия "меньше"
jump if above — переход по выполнению условия "больше"
2. cj еслиif you come, you will see him — если вы придёте, вы увидите его
3. cj когда4. cj даже если; хотя; пустьI will do it, if it kills me — я это сделаю, даже если это будет стоить мне жизни
if need be — если бы потребовалось, в случае нужды
5. cj если бы; хотя бы6. cj по крайней мере; не менееСинонимический ряд:1. condition (noun) condition; supposition2. even if (other) even if; even though; granting that3. if it happens that (other) if it happens that; if it proves that; if it turns out that; in case; in the event that4. provided (other) granting; in the event; provided; providing; supposing; though; whereupon; whether or not5. providing that (other) as long as; if and only if; only if; provided that; providing that; with the proviso that -
6 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
7 Science
It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science.... This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have been discovered, nor even to be discoverable by our existing resources. (Mill, 1900, B. VI, Chap. 3, Sec. 1)One class of natural philosophers has always a tendency to combine the phenomena and to discover their analogies; another class, on the contrary, employs all its efforts in showing the disparities of things. Both tendencies are necessary for the perfection of science, the one for its progress, the other for its correctness. The philosophers of the first of these classes are guided by the sense of unity throughout nature; the philosophers of the second have their minds more directed towards the certainty of our knowledge. The one are absorbed in search of principles, and neglect often the peculiarities, and not seldom the strictness of demonstration; the other consider the science only as the investigation of facts, but in their laudable zeal they often lose sight of the harmony of the whole, which is the character of truth. Those who look for the stamp of divinity on every thing around them, consider the opposite pursuits as ignoble and even as irreligious; while those who are engaged in the search after truth, look upon the other as unphilosophical enthusiasts, and perhaps as phantastical contemners of truth.... This conflict of opinions keeps science alive, and promotes it by an oscillatory progress. (Oersted, 1920, p. 352)Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p. 27)A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Planck, 1949, pp. 33-34)[Original quotation: "Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pflegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, dass ihre Gegner ueberzeugt werden und sich as belehrt erklaeren, sondern vielmehr dadurch, dass die Gegner allmaehlich aussterben und dass die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist." (Planck, 1990, p. 15)]I had always looked upon the search for the absolute as the noblest and most worth while task of science. (Planck, 1949, p. 46)If you cannot-in the long run-tell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless. (SchroЁdinger, 1951, pp. 7-8)Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached. (Heisenberg, 1958, p. 168)The old scientific ideal of episteґmeґ-of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge-has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative forever. It may indeed be corroborated, but every corroboration is relative to other statements which, again, are tentative. Only in our subjective experiences of conviction, in our subjective faith, can we be "absolutely certain." (Popper, 1959, p. 280)The layman, taught to revere scientists for their absolute respect for the observed facts, and for the judiciously detached and purely provisional manner in which they hold scientific theories (always ready to abandon a theory at the sight of any contradictory evidence) might well have thought that, at Miller's announcement of this overwhelming evidence of a "positive effect" [indicating that the speed of light is not independent from the motion of the observer, as Einstein's theory of relativity demands] in his presidential address to the American Physical Society on December 29th, 1925, his audience would have instantly abandoned the theory of relativity. Or, at the very least, that scientists-wont to look down from the pinnacle of their intellectual humility upon the rest of dogmatic mankind-might suspend judgment in this matter until Miller's results could be accounted for without impairing the theory of relativity. But no: by that time they had so well closed their minds to any suggestion which threatened the new rationality achieved by Einstein's world-picture, that it was almost impossible for them to think again in different terms. Little attention was paid to the experiments, the evidence being set aside in the hope that it would one day turn out to be wrong. (Polanyi, 1958, pp. 12-13)The practice of normal science depends on the ability, acquired from examplars, to group objects and situations into similarity sets which are primitive in the sense that the grouping is done without an answer to the question, "Similar with respect to what?" (Kuhn, 1970, p. 200)Science in general... does not consist in collecting what we already know and arranging it in this or that kind of pattern. It consists in fastening upon something we do not know, and trying to discover it. (Collingwood, 1972, p. 9)Scientific fields emerge as the concerns of scientists congeal around various phenomena. Sciences are not defined, they are recognized. (Newell, 1973a, p. 1)This is often the way it is in physics-our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. I do not think it is possible really to understand the successes of science without understanding how hard it is-how easy it is to be led astray, how difficult it is to know at any time what is the next thing to be done. (Weinberg, 1977, p. 49)Science is wonderful at destroying metaphysical answers, but incapable of providing substitute ones. Science takes away foundations without providing a replacement. Whether we want to be there or not, science has put us in a position of having to live without foundations. It was shocking when Nietzsche said this, but today it is commonplace; our historical position-and no end to it is in sight-is that of having to philosophize without "foundations." (Putnam, 1987, p. 29)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Science
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8 MESG
- комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
- безопасный экспериментальный максимальный зазор
безопасный экспериментальный максимальный зазор
БЭМЗ
Максимальный зазор соединения шириной 25 мм, который предотвращает распространение взрыва при 10 испытаниях, проводимых в условиях, указанных в МЭК 60079-1-1 [7].
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-426-2006]
Тематики
Синонимы
EN
комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
-EN
metal-enclosed switchgear
switchgear assemblies with an external metallic enclosure intended to be earthed and complete except for external connections
NOTE The metal-enclosed switchgear is subdivided into three types:
– metal-clad switchgear;
– compartmented switchgear (with one or more non-metallic partitions);
– cubicle switchgear
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
metal-clad switchgear
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments with metal partitions intended to be earthed
NOTE 1 This term applies to metal-enclosed switchgear with metal partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in IEC 61992-6 and having separate compartments at least for the following components:
– each main switching device;
– components connected to one side of a main switching device, for example, feeder circuit;
– components connected to the other side of the main switching device, for example, busbars; where more than one set of busbars is provided, each set is in a separate compartment.
NOTE 2 Metal-enclosed switchgear having metal partitions and meeting all the requirements of NOTE 1 may utilise an insulating shutter barrier as a part of a shutter arrangement, the combination of which provides the degree of protection included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6 (or higher) and satisfies the requirements of the standard for partitions and shutters made of insulating material.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments as for metal-clad switchgear, but with one or more non-metallic partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6
NOTE Metal-enclosed switchgear in which the main circuit components are individually embedded in solid insulating material can be considered as an alternative, provided that the conditions specified in IEC 60466 are met.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
cubicle switchgear
switchgear, other than metal-clad and compartmented switchgear
NOTE This term applies to switchgear having a metal enclosure and having
– a number of compartments fewer than required for metal-clad or compartmented switchgear, or
– partitions having a degree of protection lower than those indicated in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6, or
– no partitions.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]FR
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique
ensemble d’appareillage avec une enveloppe métallique externe destinée à être mise à la terre, entièrement terminé, à l’exception des connexions extérieures
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique se subdivise en trois types:
– appareillage recouvert de métal;
– appareillage à compartiments (avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques);
– appareillage d’armoire.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage recouvert de métal
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés par des cloisons métalliques destinées à être mises à la terre
NOTE 1 Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique avec des cloisons métalliques offrant le degré de protection de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et ayant des compartiments séparés au moins pour les éléments constitutifs suivants:
– chaque appareil principal de connexion;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à une face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple le circuit d’alimentation;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à l’autre face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple les jeux de barres; lorsqu’il y a plus d’un jeu de barres, chaque jeu est dans un compartiment séparé.
NOTE 2 L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique qui possède des cloisons métalliques et qui répond à toutes les dispositions de la note 1 peut utiliser une barrière en volet isolant comme une partie d’une disposition de volet, dont la combinaison fournit un degré de protection inclus au Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et satisfait aux exigences de la norme pour les cloisons et les volets en matériau isolant.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage à compartiments (avec cloisons non métalliques)
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés comme pour l’appareillage recouvert de métal, mais avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques fournissant le degré de protection du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur)
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs du circuit principal sont noyés individuellement dans un matériau isolant solide peut être considéré comme une alternative, si les conditions spécifiées dans la CEI 60466 sont satisfaites.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
pareillage d’armoire
appareillage, autre que l’appareillage recouvert de métal ou à compartiments
NOTE Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage ayant une enveloppe métallique et ayant:
– soit un nombre de compartiments inférieur à celui exigé pour les appareillages recouverts de métal ou à compartiments;
– soit des cloisons d’un degré de protection inférieur à ceux du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6;
– soit pas de cloisons.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
Комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
Рис. ABBГОСТ 14693-90 - Устройства комплектные распределительные негерметизированные в металлической оболочке на напряжение до 10 кВ
Тематики
- комплектное распред. устройство (КРУ)
Синонимы
EN
- compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
- cubicle switchgear
- MCSG
- MESG
- metal clad switch gear
- metal clad switchgear
- metal-enclosed switchgear
- metalclad switch gear
- metalclad switchgear
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > MESG
-
9 compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
-EN
metal-enclosed switchgear
switchgear assemblies with an external metallic enclosure intended to be earthed and complete except for external connections
NOTE The metal-enclosed switchgear is subdivided into three types:
– metal-clad switchgear;
– compartmented switchgear (with one or more non-metallic partitions);
– cubicle switchgear
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
metal-clad switchgear
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments with metal partitions intended to be earthed
NOTE 1 This term applies to metal-enclosed switchgear with metal partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in IEC 61992-6 and having separate compartments at least for the following components:
– each main switching device;
– components connected to one side of a main switching device, for example, feeder circuit;
– components connected to the other side of the main switching device, for example, busbars; where more than one set of busbars is provided, each set is in a separate compartment.
NOTE 2 Metal-enclosed switchgear having metal partitions and meeting all the requirements of NOTE 1 may utilise an insulating shutter barrier as a part of a shutter arrangement, the combination of which provides the degree of protection included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6 (or higher) and satisfies the requirements of the standard for partitions and shutters made of insulating material.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments as for metal-clad switchgear, but with one or more non-metallic partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6
NOTE Metal-enclosed switchgear in which the main circuit components are individually embedded in solid insulating material can be considered as an alternative, provided that the conditions specified in IEC 60466 are met.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
cubicle switchgear
switchgear, other than metal-clad and compartmented switchgear
NOTE This term applies to switchgear having a metal enclosure and having
– a number of compartments fewer than required for metal-clad or compartmented switchgear, or
– partitions having a degree of protection lower than those indicated in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6, or
– no partitions.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]FR
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique
ensemble d’appareillage avec une enveloppe métallique externe destinée à être mise à la terre, entièrement terminé, à l’exception des connexions extérieures
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique se subdivise en trois types:
– appareillage recouvert de métal;
– appareillage à compartiments (avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques);
– appareillage d’armoire.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage recouvert de métal
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés par des cloisons métalliques destinées à être mises à la terre
NOTE 1 Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique avec des cloisons métalliques offrant le degré de protection de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et ayant des compartiments séparés au moins pour les éléments constitutifs suivants:
– chaque appareil principal de connexion;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à une face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple le circuit d’alimentation;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à l’autre face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple les jeux de barres; lorsqu’il y a plus d’un jeu de barres, chaque jeu est dans un compartiment séparé.
NOTE 2 L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique qui possède des cloisons métalliques et qui répond à toutes les dispositions de la note 1 peut utiliser une barrière en volet isolant comme une partie d’une disposition de volet, dont la combinaison fournit un degré de protection inclus au Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et satisfait aux exigences de la norme pour les cloisons et les volets en matériau isolant.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage à compartiments (avec cloisons non métalliques)
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés comme pour l’appareillage recouvert de métal, mais avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques fournissant le degré de protection du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur)
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs du circuit principal sont noyés individuellement dans un matériau isolant solide peut être considéré comme une alternative, si les conditions spécifiées dans la CEI 60466 sont satisfaites.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
pareillage d’armoire
appareillage, autre que l’appareillage recouvert de métal ou à compartiments
NOTE Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage ayant une enveloppe métallique et ayant:
– soit un nombre de compartiments inférieur à celui exigé pour les appareillages recouverts de métal ou à compartiments;
– soit des cloisons d’un degré de protection inférieur à ceux du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6;
– soit pas de cloisons.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
Комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
Рис. ABBГОСТ 14693-90 - Устройства комплектные распределительные негерметизированные в металлической оболочке на напряжение до 10 кВ
Тематики
- комплектное распред. устройство (КРУ)
Синонимы
EN
- compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
- cubicle switchgear
- MCSG
- MESG
- metal clad switch gear
- metal clad switchgear
- metal-enclosed switchgear
- metalclad switch gear
- metalclad switchgear
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
-
10 cubicle switchgear
комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
-EN
metal-enclosed switchgear
switchgear assemblies with an external metallic enclosure intended to be earthed and complete except for external connections
NOTE The metal-enclosed switchgear is subdivided into three types:
– metal-clad switchgear;
– compartmented switchgear (with one or more non-metallic partitions);
– cubicle switchgear
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
metal-clad switchgear
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments with metal partitions intended to be earthed
NOTE 1 This term applies to metal-enclosed switchgear with metal partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in IEC 61992-6 and having separate compartments at least for the following components:
– each main switching device;
– components connected to one side of a main switching device, for example, feeder circuit;
– components connected to the other side of the main switching device, for example, busbars; where more than one set of busbars is provided, each set is in a separate compartment.
NOTE 2 Metal-enclosed switchgear having metal partitions and meeting all the requirements of NOTE 1 may utilise an insulating shutter barrier as a part of a shutter arrangement, the combination of which provides the degree of protection included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6 (or higher) and satisfies the requirements of the standard for partitions and shutters made of insulating material.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments as for metal-clad switchgear, but with one or more non-metallic partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6
NOTE Metal-enclosed switchgear in which the main circuit components are individually embedded in solid insulating material can be considered as an alternative, provided that the conditions specified in IEC 60466 are met.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
cubicle switchgear
switchgear, other than metal-clad and compartmented switchgear
NOTE This term applies to switchgear having a metal enclosure and having
– a number of compartments fewer than required for metal-clad or compartmented switchgear, or
– partitions having a degree of protection lower than those indicated in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6, or
– no partitions.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]FR
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique
ensemble d’appareillage avec une enveloppe métallique externe destinée à être mise à la terre, entièrement terminé, à l’exception des connexions extérieures
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique se subdivise en trois types:
– appareillage recouvert de métal;
– appareillage à compartiments (avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques);
– appareillage d’armoire.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage recouvert de métal
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés par des cloisons métalliques destinées à être mises à la terre
NOTE 1 Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique avec des cloisons métalliques offrant le degré de protection de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et ayant des compartiments séparés au moins pour les éléments constitutifs suivants:
– chaque appareil principal de connexion;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à une face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple le circuit d’alimentation;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à l’autre face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple les jeux de barres; lorsqu’il y a plus d’un jeu de barres, chaque jeu est dans un compartiment séparé.
NOTE 2 L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique qui possède des cloisons métalliques et qui répond à toutes les dispositions de la note 1 peut utiliser une barrière en volet isolant comme une partie d’une disposition de volet, dont la combinaison fournit un degré de protection inclus au Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et satisfait aux exigences de la norme pour les cloisons et les volets en matériau isolant.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage à compartiments (avec cloisons non métalliques)
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés comme pour l’appareillage recouvert de métal, mais avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques fournissant le degré de protection du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur)
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs du circuit principal sont noyés individuellement dans un matériau isolant solide peut être considéré comme une alternative, si les conditions spécifiées dans la CEI 60466 sont satisfaites.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
pareillage d’armoire
appareillage, autre que l’appareillage recouvert de métal ou à compartiments
NOTE Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage ayant une enveloppe métallique et ayant:
– soit un nombre de compartiments inférieur à celui exigé pour les appareillages recouverts de métal ou à compartiments;
– soit des cloisons d’un degré de protection inférieur à ceux du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6;
– soit pas de cloisons.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
Комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
Рис. ABBГОСТ 14693-90 - Устройства комплектные распределительные негерметизированные в металлической оболочке на напряжение до 10 кВ
Тематики
- комплектное распред. устройство (КРУ)
Синонимы
EN
- compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
- cubicle switchgear
- MCSG
- MESG
- metal clad switch gear
- metal clad switchgear
- metal-enclosed switchgear
- metalclad switch gear
- metalclad switchgear
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > cubicle switchgear
-
11 MCSG
- комплектное устройство в металлической оболочке
- комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
-EN
metal-enclosed switchgear
switchgear assemblies with an external metallic enclosure intended to be earthed and complete except for external connections
NOTE The metal-enclosed switchgear is subdivided into three types:
– metal-clad switchgear;
– compartmented switchgear (with one or more non-metallic partitions);
– cubicle switchgear
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
metal-clad switchgear
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments with metal partitions intended to be earthed
NOTE 1 This term applies to metal-enclosed switchgear with metal partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in IEC 61992-6 and having separate compartments at least for the following components:
– each main switching device;
– components connected to one side of a main switching device, for example, feeder circuit;
– components connected to the other side of the main switching device, for example, busbars; where more than one set of busbars is provided, each set is in a separate compartment.
NOTE 2 Metal-enclosed switchgear having metal partitions and meeting all the requirements of NOTE 1 may utilise an insulating shutter barrier as a part of a shutter arrangement, the combination of which provides the degree of protection included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6 (or higher) and satisfies the requirements of the standard for partitions and shutters made of insulating material.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments as for metal-clad switchgear, but with one or more non-metallic partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6
NOTE Metal-enclosed switchgear in which the main circuit components are individually embedded in solid insulating material can be considered as an alternative, provided that the conditions specified in IEC 60466 are met.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
cubicle switchgear
switchgear, other than metal-clad and compartmented switchgear
NOTE This term applies to switchgear having a metal enclosure and having
– a number of compartments fewer than required for metal-clad or compartmented switchgear, or
– partitions having a degree of protection lower than those indicated in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6, or
– no partitions.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]FR
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique
ensemble d’appareillage avec une enveloppe métallique externe destinée à être mise à la terre, entièrement terminé, à l’exception des connexions extérieures
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique se subdivise en trois types:
– appareillage recouvert de métal;
– appareillage à compartiments (avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques);
– appareillage d’armoire.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage recouvert de métal
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés par des cloisons métalliques destinées à être mises à la terre
NOTE 1 Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique avec des cloisons métalliques offrant le degré de protection de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et ayant des compartiments séparés au moins pour les éléments constitutifs suivants:
– chaque appareil principal de connexion;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à une face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple le circuit d’alimentation;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à l’autre face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple les jeux de barres; lorsqu’il y a plus d’un jeu de barres, chaque jeu est dans un compartiment séparé.
NOTE 2 L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique qui possède des cloisons métalliques et qui répond à toutes les dispositions de la note 1 peut utiliser une barrière en volet isolant comme une partie d’une disposition de volet, dont la combinaison fournit un degré de protection inclus au Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et satisfait aux exigences de la norme pour les cloisons et les volets en matériau isolant.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage à compartiments (avec cloisons non métalliques)
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés comme pour l’appareillage recouvert de métal, mais avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques fournissant le degré de protection du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur)
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs du circuit principal sont noyés individuellement dans un matériau isolant solide peut être considéré comme une alternative, si les conditions spécifiées dans la CEI 60466 sont satisfaites.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
pareillage d’armoire
appareillage, autre que l’appareillage recouvert de métal ou à compartiments
NOTE Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage ayant une enveloppe métallique et ayant:
– soit un nombre de compartiments inférieur à celui exigé pour les appareillages recouverts de métal ou à compartiments;
– soit des cloisons d’un degré de protection inférieur à ceux du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6;
– soit pas de cloisons.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
Комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
Рис. ABBГОСТ 14693-90 - Устройства комплектные распределительные негерметизированные в металлической оболочке на напряжение до 10 кВ
Тематики
- комплектное распред. устройство (КРУ)
Синонимы
EN
- compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
- cubicle switchgear
- MCSG
- MESG
- metal clad switch gear
- metal clad switchgear
- metal-enclosed switchgear
- metalclad switch gear
- metalclad switchgear
FR
комплектное устройство в металлической оболочке
-EN
metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear
switchgear and controlgear assemblies with an external metal enclosure intended to be earthed, and complete except for external connections
[IEC 62271-203, ed. 1.0 (2003-11)]FR
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique
appareillage avec une enveloppe métallique externe destinée à être mise à la terre, entièrement terminé, à l'exception des connexions extérieures
[IEC 62271-203, ed. 1.0 (2003-11)]
Комплектные устройства в металлической оболочкеТематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
EN
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > MCSG
12 metal clad switch gear
- комплектное устройство в металлической оболочке
- комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
-EN
metal-enclosed switchgear
switchgear assemblies with an external metallic enclosure intended to be earthed and complete except for external connections
NOTE The metal-enclosed switchgear is subdivided into three types:
– metal-clad switchgear;
– compartmented switchgear (with one or more non-metallic partitions);
– cubicle switchgear
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
metal-clad switchgear
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments with metal partitions intended to be earthed
NOTE 1 This term applies to metal-enclosed switchgear with metal partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in IEC 61992-6 and having separate compartments at least for the following components:
– each main switching device;
– components connected to one side of a main switching device, for example, feeder circuit;
– components connected to the other side of the main switching device, for example, busbars; where more than one set of busbars is provided, each set is in a separate compartment.
NOTE 2 Metal-enclosed switchgear having metal partitions and meeting all the requirements of NOTE 1 may utilise an insulating shutter barrier as a part of a shutter arrangement, the combination of which provides the degree of protection included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6 (or higher) and satisfies the requirements of the standard for partitions and shutters made of insulating material.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments as for metal-clad switchgear, but with one or more non-metallic partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6
NOTE Metal-enclosed switchgear in which the main circuit components are individually embedded in solid insulating material can be considered as an alternative, provided that the conditions specified in IEC 60466 are met.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
cubicle switchgear
switchgear, other than metal-clad and compartmented switchgear
NOTE This term applies to switchgear having a metal enclosure and having
– a number of compartments fewer than required for metal-clad or compartmented switchgear, or
– partitions having a degree of protection lower than those indicated in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6, or
– no partitions.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]FR
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique
ensemble d’appareillage avec une enveloppe métallique externe destinée à être mise à la terre, entièrement terminé, à l’exception des connexions extérieures
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique se subdivise en trois types:
– appareillage recouvert de métal;
– appareillage à compartiments (avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques);
– appareillage d’armoire.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage recouvert de métal
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés par des cloisons métalliques destinées à être mises à la terre
NOTE 1 Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique avec des cloisons métalliques offrant le degré de protection de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et ayant des compartiments séparés au moins pour les éléments constitutifs suivants:
– chaque appareil principal de connexion;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à une face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple le circuit d’alimentation;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à l’autre face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple les jeux de barres; lorsqu’il y a plus d’un jeu de barres, chaque jeu est dans un compartiment séparé.
NOTE 2 L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique qui possède des cloisons métalliques et qui répond à toutes les dispositions de la note 1 peut utiliser une barrière en volet isolant comme une partie d’une disposition de volet, dont la combinaison fournit un degré de protection inclus au Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et satisfait aux exigences de la norme pour les cloisons et les volets en matériau isolant.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage à compartiments (avec cloisons non métalliques)
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés comme pour l’appareillage recouvert de métal, mais avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques fournissant le degré de protection du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur)
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs du circuit principal sont noyés individuellement dans un matériau isolant solide peut être considéré comme une alternative, si les conditions spécifiées dans la CEI 60466 sont satisfaites.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
pareillage d’armoire
appareillage, autre que l’appareillage recouvert de métal ou à compartiments
NOTE Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage ayant une enveloppe métallique et ayant:
– soit un nombre de compartiments inférieur à celui exigé pour les appareillages recouverts de métal ou à compartiments;
– soit des cloisons d’un degré de protection inférieur à ceux du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6;
– soit pas de cloisons.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
Комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
Рис. ABBГОСТ 14693-90 - Устройства комплектные распределительные негерметизированные в металлической оболочке на напряжение до 10 кВ
Тематики
- комплектное распред. устройство (КРУ)
Синонимы
EN
- compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
- cubicle switchgear
- MCSG
- MESG
- metal clad switch gear
- metal clad switchgear
- metal-enclosed switchgear
- metalclad switch gear
- metalclad switchgear
FR
комплектное устройство в металлической оболочке
-EN
metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear
switchgear and controlgear assemblies with an external metal enclosure intended to be earthed, and complete except for external connections
[IEC 62271-203, ed. 1.0 (2003-11)]FR
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique
appareillage avec une enveloppe métallique externe destinée à être mise à la terre, entièrement terminé, à l'exception des connexions extérieures
[IEC 62271-203, ed. 1.0 (2003-11)]
Комплектные устройства в металлической оболочкеТематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
EN
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > metal clad switch gear
13 metal clad switchgear
- комплектное устройство в металлической оболочке
- комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
-EN
metal-enclosed switchgear
switchgear assemblies with an external metallic enclosure intended to be earthed and complete except for external connections
NOTE The metal-enclosed switchgear is subdivided into three types:
– metal-clad switchgear;
– compartmented switchgear (with one or more non-metallic partitions);
– cubicle switchgear
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
metal-clad switchgear
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments with metal partitions intended to be earthed
NOTE 1 This term applies to metal-enclosed switchgear with metal partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in IEC 61992-6 and having separate compartments at least for the following components:
– each main switching device;
– components connected to one side of a main switching device, for example, feeder circuit;
– components connected to the other side of the main switching device, for example, busbars; where more than one set of busbars is provided, each set is in a separate compartment.
NOTE 2 Metal-enclosed switchgear having metal partitions and meeting all the requirements of NOTE 1 may utilise an insulating shutter barrier as a part of a shutter arrangement, the combination of which provides the degree of protection included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6 (or higher) and satisfies the requirements of the standard for partitions and shutters made of insulating material.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments as for metal-clad switchgear, but with one or more non-metallic partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6
NOTE Metal-enclosed switchgear in which the main circuit components are individually embedded in solid insulating material can be considered as an alternative, provided that the conditions specified in IEC 60466 are met.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
cubicle switchgear
switchgear, other than metal-clad and compartmented switchgear
NOTE This term applies to switchgear having a metal enclosure and having
– a number of compartments fewer than required for metal-clad or compartmented switchgear, or
– partitions having a degree of protection lower than those indicated in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6, or
– no partitions.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]FR
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique
ensemble d’appareillage avec une enveloppe métallique externe destinée à être mise à la terre, entièrement terminé, à l’exception des connexions extérieures
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique se subdivise en trois types:
– appareillage recouvert de métal;
– appareillage à compartiments (avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques);
– appareillage d’armoire.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage recouvert de métal
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés par des cloisons métalliques destinées à être mises à la terre
NOTE 1 Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique avec des cloisons métalliques offrant le degré de protection de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et ayant des compartiments séparés au moins pour les éléments constitutifs suivants:
– chaque appareil principal de connexion;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à une face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple le circuit d’alimentation;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à l’autre face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple les jeux de barres; lorsqu’il y a plus d’un jeu de barres, chaque jeu est dans un compartiment séparé.
NOTE 2 L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique qui possède des cloisons métalliques et qui répond à toutes les dispositions de la note 1 peut utiliser une barrière en volet isolant comme une partie d’une disposition de volet, dont la combinaison fournit un degré de protection inclus au Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et satisfait aux exigences de la norme pour les cloisons et les volets en matériau isolant.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage à compartiments (avec cloisons non métalliques)
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés comme pour l’appareillage recouvert de métal, mais avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques fournissant le degré de protection du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur)
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs du circuit principal sont noyés individuellement dans un matériau isolant solide peut être considéré comme une alternative, si les conditions spécifiées dans la CEI 60466 sont satisfaites.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
pareillage d’armoire
appareillage, autre que l’appareillage recouvert de métal ou à compartiments
NOTE Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage ayant une enveloppe métallique et ayant:
– soit un nombre de compartiments inférieur à celui exigé pour les appareillages recouverts de métal ou à compartiments;
– soit des cloisons d’un degré de protection inférieur à ceux du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6;
– soit pas de cloisons.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
Комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
Рис. ABBГОСТ 14693-90 - Устройства комплектные распределительные негерметизированные в металлической оболочке на напряжение до 10 кВ
Тематики
- комплектное распред. устройство (КРУ)
Синонимы
EN
- compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
- cubicle switchgear
- MCSG
- MESG
- metal clad switch gear
- metal clad switchgear
- metal-enclosed switchgear
- metalclad switch gear
- metalclad switchgear
FR
комплектное устройство в металлической оболочке
-EN
metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear
switchgear and controlgear assemblies with an external metal enclosure intended to be earthed, and complete except for external connections
[IEC 62271-203, ed. 1.0 (2003-11)]FR
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique
appareillage avec une enveloppe métallique externe destinée à être mise à la terre, entièrement terminé, à l'exception des connexions extérieures
[IEC 62271-203, ed. 1.0 (2003-11)]
Комплектные устройства в металлической оболочкеТематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
EN
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > metal clad switchgear
14 metal-enclosed switchgear
комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
-EN
metal-enclosed switchgear
switchgear assemblies with an external metallic enclosure intended to be earthed and complete except for external connections
NOTE The metal-enclosed switchgear is subdivided into three types:
– metal-clad switchgear;
– compartmented switchgear (with one or more non-metallic partitions);
– cubicle switchgear
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
metal-clad switchgear
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments with metal partitions intended to be earthed
NOTE 1 This term applies to metal-enclosed switchgear with metal partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in IEC 61992-6 and having separate compartments at least for the following components:
– each main switching device;
– components connected to one side of a main switching device, for example, feeder circuit;
– components connected to the other side of the main switching device, for example, busbars; where more than one set of busbars is provided, each set is in a separate compartment.
NOTE 2 Metal-enclosed switchgear having metal partitions and meeting all the requirements of NOTE 1 may utilise an insulating shutter barrier as a part of a shutter arrangement, the combination of which provides the degree of protection included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6 (or higher) and satisfies the requirements of the standard for partitions and shutters made of insulating material.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments as for metal-clad switchgear, but with one or more non-metallic partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6
NOTE Metal-enclosed switchgear in which the main circuit components are individually embedded in solid insulating material can be considered as an alternative, provided that the conditions specified in IEC 60466 are met.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
cubicle switchgear
switchgear, other than metal-clad and compartmented switchgear
NOTE This term applies to switchgear having a metal enclosure and having
– a number of compartments fewer than required for metal-clad or compartmented switchgear, or
– partitions having a degree of protection lower than those indicated in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6, or
– no partitions.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]FR
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique
ensemble d’appareillage avec une enveloppe métallique externe destinée à être mise à la terre, entièrement terminé, à l’exception des connexions extérieures
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique se subdivise en trois types:
– appareillage recouvert de métal;
– appareillage à compartiments (avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques);
– appareillage d’armoire.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage recouvert de métal
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés par des cloisons métalliques destinées à être mises à la terre
NOTE 1 Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique avec des cloisons métalliques offrant le degré de protection de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et ayant des compartiments séparés au moins pour les éléments constitutifs suivants:
– chaque appareil principal de connexion;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à une face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple le circuit d’alimentation;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à l’autre face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple les jeux de barres; lorsqu’il y a plus d’un jeu de barres, chaque jeu est dans un compartiment séparé.
NOTE 2 L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique qui possède des cloisons métalliques et qui répond à toutes les dispositions de la note 1 peut utiliser une barrière en volet isolant comme une partie d’une disposition de volet, dont la combinaison fournit un degré de protection inclus au Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et satisfait aux exigences de la norme pour les cloisons et les volets en matériau isolant.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage à compartiments (avec cloisons non métalliques)
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés comme pour l’appareillage recouvert de métal, mais avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques fournissant le degré de protection du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur)
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs du circuit principal sont noyés individuellement dans un matériau isolant solide peut être considéré comme une alternative, si les conditions spécifiées dans la CEI 60466 sont satisfaites.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
pareillage d’armoire
appareillage, autre que l’appareillage recouvert de métal ou à compartiments
NOTE Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage ayant une enveloppe métallique et ayant:
– soit un nombre de compartiments inférieur à celui exigé pour les appareillages recouverts de métal ou à compartiments;
– soit des cloisons d’un degré de protection inférieur à ceux du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6;
– soit pas de cloisons.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
Комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
Рис. ABBГОСТ 14693-90 - Устройства комплектные распределительные негерметизированные в металлической оболочке на напряжение до 10 кВ
Тематики
- комплектное распред. устройство (КРУ)
Синонимы
EN
- compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
- cubicle switchgear
- MCSG
- MESG
- metal clad switch gear
- metal clad switchgear
- metal-enclosed switchgear
- metalclad switch gear
- metalclad switchgear
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > metal-enclosed switchgear
15 metalclad switch gear
комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
-EN
metal-enclosed switchgear
switchgear assemblies with an external metallic enclosure intended to be earthed and complete except for external connections
NOTE The metal-enclosed switchgear is subdivided into three types:
– metal-clad switchgear;
– compartmented switchgear (with one or more non-metallic partitions);
– cubicle switchgear
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
metal-clad switchgear
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments with metal partitions intended to be earthed
NOTE 1 This term applies to metal-enclosed switchgear with metal partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in IEC 61992-6 and having separate compartments at least for the following components:
– each main switching device;
– components connected to one side of a main switching device, for example, feeder circuit;
– components connected to the other side of the main switching device, for example, busbars; where more than one set of busbars is provided, each set is in a separate compartment.
NOTE 2 Metal-enclosed switchgear having metal partitions and meeting all the requirements of NOTE 1 may utilise an insulating shutter barrier as a part of a shutter arrangement, the combination of which provides the degree of protection included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6 (or higher) and satisfies the requirements of the standard for partitions and shutters made of insulating material.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments as for metal-clad switchgear, but with one or more non-metallic partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6
NOTE Metal-enclosed switchgear in which the main circuit components are individually embedded in solid insulating material can be considered as an alternative, provided that the conditions specified in IEC 60466 are met.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
cubicle switchgear
switchgear, other than metal-clad and compartmented switchgear
NOTE This term applies to switchgear having a metal enclosure and having
– a number of compartments fewer than required for metal-clad or compartmented switchgear, or
– partitions having a degree of protection lower than those indicated in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6, or
– no partitions.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]FR
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique
ensemble d’appareillage avec une enveloppe métallique externe destinée à être mise à la terre, entièrement terminé, à l’exception des connexions extérieures
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique se subdivise en trois types:
– appareillage recouvert de métal;
– appareillage à compartiments (avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques);
– appareillage d’armoire.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage recouvert de métal
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés par des cloisons métalliques destinées à être mises à la terre
NOTE 1 Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique avec des cloisons métalliques offrant le degré de protection de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et ayant des compartiments séparés au moins pour les éléments constitutifs suivants:
– chaque appareil principal de connexion;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à une face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple le circuit d’alimentation;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à l’autre face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple les jeux de barres; lorsqu’il y a plus d’un jeu de barres, chaque jeu est dans un compartiment séparé.
NOTE 2 L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique qui possède des cloisons métalliques et qui répond à toutes les dispositions de la note 1 peut utiliser une barrière en volet isolant comme une partie d’une disposition de volet, dont la combinaison fournit un degré de protection inclus au Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et satisfait aux exigences de la norme pour les cloisons et les volets en matériau isolant.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage à compartiments (avec cloisons non métalliques)
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés comme pour l’appareillage recouvert de métal, mais avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques fournissant le degré de protection du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur)
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs du circuit principal sont noyés individuellement dans un matériau isolant solide peut être considéré comme une alternative, si les conditions spécifiées dans la CEI 60466 sont satisfaites.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
pareillage d’armoire
appareillage, autre que l’appareillage recouvert de métal ou à compartiments
NOTE Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage ayant une enveloppe métallique et ayant:
– soit un nombre de compartiments inférieur à celui exigé pour les appareillages recouverts de métal ou à compartiments;
– soit des cloisons d’un degré de protection inférieur à ceux du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6;
– soit pas de cloisons.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
Комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
Рис. ABBГОСТ 14693-90 - Устройства комплектные распределительные негерметизированные в металлической оболочке на напряжение до 10 кВ
Тематики
- комплектное распред. устройство (КРУ)
Синонимы
EN
- compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
- cubicle switchgear
- MCSG
- MESG
- metal clad switch gear
- metal clad switchgear
- metal-enclosed switchgear
- metalclad switch gear
- metalclad switchgear
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > metalclad switch gear
16 metalclad switchgear
комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
-EN
metal-enclosed switchgear
switchgear assemblies with an external metallic enclosure intended to be earthed and complete except for external connections
NOTE The metal-enclosed switchgear is subdivided into three types:
– metal-clad switchgear;
– compartmented switchgear (with one or more non-metallic partitions);
– cubicle switchgear
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
metal-clad switchgear
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments with metal partitions intended to be earthed
NOTE 1 This term applies to metal-enclosed switchgear with metal partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in IEC 61992-6 and having separate compartments at least for the following components:
– each main switching device;
– components connected to one side of a main switching device, for example, feeder circuit;
– components connected to the other side of the main switching device, for example, busbars; where more than one set of busbars is provided, each set is in a separate compartment.
NOTE 2 Metal-enclosed switchgear having metal partitions and meeting all the requirements of NOTE 1 may utilise an insulating shutter barrier as a part of a shutter arrangement, the combination of which provides the degree of protection included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6 (or higher) and satisfies the requirements of the standard for partitions and shutters made of insulating material.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
metal-enclosed switchgear in which components are arranged in separate compartments as for metal-clad switchgear, but with one or more non-metallic partitions providing the degree of protection (or higher) included in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6
NOTE Metal-enclosed switchgear in which the main circuit components are individually embedded in solid insulating material can be considered as an alternative, provided that the conditions specified in IEC 60466 are met.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
cubicle switchgear
switchgear, other than metal-clad and compartmented switchgear
NOTE This term applies to switchgear having a metal enclosure and having
– a number of compartments fewer than required for metal-clad or compartmented switchgear, or
– partitions having a degree of protection lower than those indicated in Table 1 of IEC 61992-6, or
– no partitions.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]FR
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique
ensemble d’appareillage avec une enveloppe métallique externe destinée à être mise à la terre, entièrement terminé, à l’exception des connexions extérieures
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique se subdivise en trois types:
– appareillage recouvert de métal;
– appareillage à compartiments (avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques);
– appareillage d’armoire.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage recouvert de métal
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés par des cloisons métalliques destinées à être mises à la terre
NOTE 1 Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique avec des cloisons métalliques offrant le degré de protection de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et ayant des compartiments séparés au moins pour les éléments constitutifs suivants:
– chaque appareil principal de connexion;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à une face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple le circuit d’alimentation;
– les éléments constitutifs connectés à l’autre face de l'appareil principal de connexion, par exemple les jeux de barres; lorsqu’il y a plus d’un jeu de barres, chaque jeu est dans un compartiment séparé.
NOTE 2 L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique qui possède des cloisons métalliques et qui répond à toutes les dispositions de la note 1 peut utiliser une barrière en volet isolant comme une partie d’une disposition de volet, dont la combinaison fournit un degré de protection inclus au Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur) et satisfait aux exigences de la norme pour les cloisons et les volets en matériau isolant.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
appareillage à compartiments (avec cloisons non métalliques)
appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs sont disposés dans des compartiments séparés comme pour l’appareillage recouvert de métal, mais avec une ou plusieurs cloisons non métalliques fournissant le degré de protection du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6 (ou un degré supérieur)
NOTE L’appareillage sous enveloppe métallique dans lequel les éléments constitutifs du circuit principal sont noyés individuellement dans un matériau isolant solide peut être considéré comme une alternative, si les conditions spécifiées dans la CEI 60466 sont satisfaites.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
pareillage d’armoire
appareillage, autre que l’appareillage recouvert de métal ou à compartiments
NOTE Ce terme s’applique à l’appareillage ayant une enveloppe métallique et ayant:
– soit un nombre de compartiments inférieur à celui exigé pour les appareillages recouverts de métal ou à compartiments;
– soit des cloisons d’un degré de protection inférieur à ceux du Tableau 1 de la CEI 61992-6;
– soit pas de cloisons.
[IEC 61992-1, ed. 2.0 (2006-02)]
Комплектное распределительное устройство в металлической оболочке
Рис. ABBГОСТ 14693-90 - Устройства комплектные распределительные негерметизированные в металлической оболочке на напряжение до 10 кВ
Тематики
- комплектное распред. устройство (КРУ)
Синонимы
EN
- compartmented switchgear (with non-metallic partitions)
- cubicle switchgear
- MCSG
- MESG
- metal clad switch gear
- metal clad switchgear
- metal-enclosed switchgear
- metalclad switch gear
- metalclad switchgear
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > metalclad switchgear
17 Psychology
We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)"Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology
18 Gypsies, Portuguese
Since the late 15th century, gypsies or ciganos (Portuguese) have resided in Portugal. Gypsies, whose ancestors originated in India many centuries before, today call themselves Roma. Gypsies have long cultivated a strict social and legal code, as well as their own language and customs. The gypsies speak an ancient language, Romany, which includes elements of Hindi and other languages encountered during their migrations from the east. In 2007, it was estimated that approximately 40,000 gypsies resided in Portugal, primarily near larger urban areas, including Lisbon, Esto- ril, and other cities. In historical tradition, the gypsies were migratory or lived isolated in slums or ghettos and suffered persecution. Among the groups murdered by Adolf Hitler's Nazis before and during World War II were large numbers of gypsies in Germany, Poland, Russia, and other countries. In democratic Portugal, there has been a greater governmental effort to integrate the Roma into Portuguese polity and society by enforcing public school attendance and providing social and health services. Like the Roma of other countries in Western Europe, the Roma of Portugal have become better organized to advocate for their identity, traditions, and civil and human rights. Like other groups of minorities in the country, they have received attention from various organizations of the European Union, as well as from nongovernmental organizations.19 soft dollaring
See:Another reason managers are interested in controlling client commissions deserves special attention. "Soft dollaring" has got to be one of the most misunderstood and controversial practices in the money management business. The very term "soft dollars" suggests something shady and conjures up images of money exchanging hands in dark alleyways. Among laymen, soft dollars may be confused with "soft money" political contributions. There is a thin connection between "soft dollars" and "soft money." Since brokerage firms are not subject to the same rules pertaining to political contributions as municipal underwriting firms, large "soft money" contributions from owners of brokerage firms do find their way into politicians' coffers more easily than contributions from underwriters. However, it is important to not confuse the two terms.So what is "soft dollaring?" Soft dollaring is the practice whereby money managers use client brokerage commissions to purchase investment research. When a manager pays for products or services with his own money, directly from the research provider, this is referred to as "hard dollars." Payment with client commissions, financed through a brokerage firm, is referred to as "soft dollars." Through soft dollar arrangements money managers are permitted to shift an expense related to the management of assets they would otherwise have to bear, onto their clients. The amount of this research expense the money management industry transfers onto its clients is in the billions annually. As a result, any analysis of the economics of the money management industry should include the effects of soft dollaring; however, we are unaware of any that has. In the institutional marketplace, strange as it may seem, it is possible for a money manager to profit more from soft dollars than from the negotiated asset management fee he receives.The general rule under the federal and state securities laws is that a fiduciary, the money manager, cannot use client assets for his own benefit or the benefit of other clients. To simplify matters greatly, soft dollaring is a legally prescribed exception to this rule. Congress, the SEC and other regulators have agreed that as long as the research purchased assists the manager in making investment decisions, the clients benefit and its legally acceptable. A tremendous amount of strained analysis has gone into the precise policies and procedures that managers must follow in purchasing research with client commission dollars. Over the years a distinction has been made between "proprietary" research or in-house research distributed to brokerage customers without a price tag attached and "independent third-party" research or research written by a third party and sold to managers at a stated price. Third party research has been most frequently criticized because its cost is separately stated and the benefit to managers most obvious. In this latter case, a breach of fiduciary duty seems most glaring. However, it is well known that proprietary research, offered for "free, " is produced to stimulate sales of dealer inventory. So presumably this research lacks credibility and is less beneficial to clients. There have been distinctions drawn between products and services, such as computers, which are "mixed-use, " i.e., which may serve dual purposes, providing both research and administrative uses. An adviser must make a reasonable allocation of the cost of the product according to its uses, the SEC has said. Some portion must be paid for with "hard" dollars and the other with "soft." There are several articles in our Library of Articles that describe soft dollar practices, rule changes and our proposal to Chairman Levitt to reform the soft dollar business.The issue that soft dollaring raises is: when is it acceptable for a manager to benefit from his client's commissions? For purposes of this article we would like to introduce a new and more useful perspective for pensions in their analysis of soft dollars or any other brokerage issue. That is, all brokerage commissions controlled by managers, benefit managers in some way. Brokerage decision-making by managers rarely, if ever, is simply based upon what firm can execute the trade at the best price. Brokerage is a commodity. Almost all brokerage firms offer reasonably competent, "best execution" services. If they didn't, they'd get sued and soon be out of business. Most savvy brokerage marketers don't even try to differentiate their firms with long-winded explanations about best-execution capabilities. Best execution is a given and impossible to prove. If you want to understand how your money manager allocates brokerage, study his business as a whole, including his marketing and affiliates-not just the investment process.The new English-Russian dictionary of financial markets > soft dollaring
20 long
I
1. loŋ adjective1) (measuring a great distance from one end to the other: a long journey; a long road; long legs.) largo2) (having a great period of time from the first moment to the last: The book took a long time to read; a long conversation; a long delay.) largo3) (measuring a certain amount in distance or time: The wire is two centimetres long; The television programme was just over an hour long.) de largo, de duración4) (away, doing or using something etc for a great period of time: Will you be long?) tarde5) (reaching to a great distance in space or time: She has a long memory) bueno
2. adverb1) (a great period of time: This happened long before you were born.) mucho tiempo2) (for a great period of time: Have you been waiting long?) mucho tiempo•- longways- long-distance
- long-drawn-out
- longhand
- long house
- long jump
- long-playing record
- long-range
- long-sighted
- long-sightedness
- long-suffering
- long-winded
- as long as / so long as
- before very long
- before long
- in the long run
- the long and the short of it
- no longer
- so long!
II loŋ verb((often with for) to wish very much: He longed to go home; I am longing for a drink.) anhelar, ansiar- longing- longingly
long1 adj largolong2 adv1. mucho tiempohave you been waiting long? ¿hace mucho que esperas?2. yaas long as / so long as con tal de queI'll tell you the secret as long as you tell nobody else te diré el secreto con tal de que no se lo digas a nadie máshow long? ¿cuánto tiempo?how long does it take you to do your homework? ¿cuánto tardas en hacer los deberes?how long have you lived here? ¿cuánto hace que vives aquí?long3 vb ansiar / deseartr['lɒŋgɪtjʊːd]————————tr[lɒŋ]1 largo,-a■ how long was the film? ¿cuánto duró la película?1 mucho tiempo■ how long have you been waiting? ¿cuánto hace que esperas?1 lo largo\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL(for) a long time, for long mucho tiempoin the long run a la largalong ago hace mucho tiempono longer / not any longer ya nonot by a long chalk / not by a long shot familiar ni por mucho, ni de lejosso long as→ link=as as{ long asthe long and the short of it is... en resumidas cuentas...to be a bit long in the tooth familiar tener añosto pull a long face poner cara largalong jump salto de longitudlong johns calzones nombre masculino plural largoslong ton tonelada (equivale a 2240 libras o 1016,047 kilogramos)long wave onda larga————————tr[lɒŋ]1 tener muchos deseos de hacer algolong ['lɔŋ] vi1)to long for : añorar, desear, anhelar2)to long to : anhelar, estar deseandothey longed to see her: estaban deseando verla, tenían muchas ganas de verlalong adv1) : mucho, mucho tiempoit didn't take long: no llevó mucho tiempowill it last long?: ¿va a durar mucho?2)all day long : todo el día3)4)long before : mucho antes5)so long! : ¡hasta luego!, ¡adiós!the dress is too long: el vestido es demasiado largoa long way from: bastante lejos dein the long run: a la largaa long illness: una enfermedad prolongadaa long walk: un paseo largoat long last: por fin3)to be long on : estar cargado delong n1)before long : dentro de poco2)the long and the short : lo esencial, lo fundamentaladj.• extenso, -a adj.• largo, -a adj.• luengo, -a adj.• prolongado, -a adj.adv.• largamente adv.• mucho tiempo adv.n.• mangote s.m.v.• anhelar v.• suspirar v.
I lɔːŋ, lɒŋ1)a) ( in space) <distance/hair/legs> largohow long do you want the skirt? — ¿cómo quieres la falda de larga?
the long and the short of it: the long and the short of it is that we have no money — en resumidas cuentas or en una palabra: no tenemos dinero
b) ( extensive) <book/letter/list> largo2) ( in time) <struggle/investigation> largo; <period/illness> prolongado, largohow long was your flight? — ¿cuánto duró el vuelo?
two months isn't long enough — dos meses no son suficientes or no es tiempo suficiente
she's been gone a long time/while — hace tiempo/rato que se fue
II
adverb -er, -est1) ( in time)are you going to stay long — ¿te vas a quedar mucho tiempo?
how much longer must we wait? — ¿hasta cuándo vamos a tener que esperar?
how long did it take you to get there? — ¿cuánto tardaste en llegar?, ¿cuánto tiempo te llevó el viaje?
how long have you been living here? — ¿cuánto hace que vives aquí?
I didn't have long enough to answer all the questions — no me alcanzó el tiempo para contestar todas las preguntas
sit down, I won't be long — siéntate, enseguida vuelvo (or termino etc)
not long ago o since — no hace mucho
2)a) (in phrases)before long: you'll be an aunt before long dentro de poco serás tía; before long they had bought more offices poco después ya habían comprado más oficinas; for long: she wasn't gone for long no estuvo fuera mucho tiempo; no longer, not any longer: I can't stand it any longer ya no aguanto más; they no longer live here — ya no viven aquí
b)as long as, so long as — (as conj) ( for the period) mientras; ( providing that) con tal de que (+ subj), siempre que (+ subj)
I'll remember it as o so long as I live — lo recordaré mientras viva
you can go so o as long as you're back by 12 — puedes ir con tal de que or siempre que vuelvas antes de las 12
III
to long to + INF — estar* deseando + inf, anhelar + inf (liter)
Phrasal Verbs:- long for
IV
(= longitude) Long
I [lɒŋ] (compar longer) (superl longest)1. ADJ1) (in size) [dress, hair, journey] largo•
it's a long distance from the school — está (muy) lejos del colegio•
how long is it? — (table, hallway, piece of material, stick) ¿cuánto mide de largo?; (more precisely) ¿qué longitud tiene?; (river) ¿qué longitud tiene?how long is her hair? — ¿cómo tiene el pelo de largo?
suit 1., 3)•
the speech was long on rhetoric and short on details — el discurso tenía mucha retórica y pocos detallesthe course is six months long — el curso es de seis meses, el curso dura seis meses
•
it has been a long day — (fig) ha sido un día muy atareado•
there will be long delays — habrá grandes retrasos, habrá retrasos considerables•
he took a long drink of water — se bebió un vaso grande de agua•
the days are getting longer — los días se están alargando•
how long is the film? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) dura la película?how long are the holidays? — ¿cuánto duran las vacaciones?
•
to be long in doing sth — tardar en hacer algo•
to take a long look at sth — mirar algo detenidamente•
he has a long memory — (fig) es de los que no perdonan fácilmente•
in the long run — (fig) a la larga•
a long time ago — hace mucho tiempolong time no see! * — ¡cuánto tiempo sin verte!
term 1., 1), long-term, view 1., 5)•
it's a good place to go for a long weekend — es un buen sitio para ir durante un fin de semana largo4) (Ling) [vowel] largo2. ADV1) (=a long time)don't be long! — ¡vuelve pronto!
I shan't be long — (in finishing) termino pronto, no tardo; (in returning) vuelvo pronto, no tardo
will you be long? — ¿vas a tardar mucho?
have you been waiting long? — ¿hace mucho que espera?
I have long believed that... — creo desde hace tiempo que..., hace tiempo que creo que...
this method has long been used in industry — este método se viene usando desde hace mucho tiempo en la industria
•
long after he died — mucho tiempo después de morirhow long ago was it? — ¿cuánto tiempo hace de eso?
•
I only had long enough to buy a paper — solo tuve tiempo para comprar un periódico•
we won't stay for long — nos quedamos un rato nada másare you going away for long? — ¿te vas para mucho tiempo?
he hesitated, but not for long — dudó, pero solo por un instante
"are you still in London?" - "yes, but not for much longer" — -¿todavía estás en Londres? -si, pero por poco tiempo ya
•
how long will you be? — (in finishing) ¿cuánto (tiempo) tardarás?; (in returning) ¿cuánto tiempo te quedarás?how long have you been here? — ¿cuánto tiempo llevas aquí?
how long will it take? — ¿cuánto tiempo llevará?
how long did he stay? — ¿cuánto tiempo se quedó?
how long have you been learning Spanish? — ¿desde cuándo llevas aprendiendo español?
how long is it since you saw her? — ¿cuánto tiempo hace que no la ves?
•
it didn't last long — fue cosa de unos pocos minutos or días etc•
to live long — tener una vida largalong live the King! — ¡viva el rey!
•
so long! — (esp US) * ¡hasta luego!•
it won't take long — no tardará muchoit didn't take him long to realize that... — no tardó en darse cuenta de que...
•
he talked long about politics — habló largamente de política2)how much longer can you stay? — ¿hasta cuándo podéis quedaros?
how much longer do we have to wait? — ¿hasta cuándo tenemos que esperar?
•
I can't stay any longer — no me puedo quedar por más tiempo•
no longer — ya no3)longest: six months at the longest — seis meses, como máximo or como mucho
4)as long as, so long as — (=while) mientras
as long as (is) necessary — el tiempo que haga falta, lo que haga falta
5)as long as, so long as — (=provided that) siempre que + subjun
you can borrow it as long as John doesn't mind — lo puedes tomar prestado siempre que a John no le importe or si a John no le importa
6) (=through)•
all day long — todo el (santo) día•
all night long — toda la noche•
all summer long — todo el verano3. N1)the long and the short of it is that... — (fig) en resumidas cuentas, es que..., concretamente, es que...
2) longs (Econ) valores mpl a largo plazo4.CPDlong division N — (Math) división f larga
long drink N — refresco m, bebida f no alcohólica
long johns NPL — calzoncillos mpl largos
long jumper N — saltador(a) m / f de longitud
long sight N — presbicia f, hipermetropía f
the long term N —
in or over the long term — a largo plazo
long trousers NPL — (as opposed to shorts) pantalones mpl largos
the long vacation N, the long vac * N — (Brit) (Univ) las vacaciones de verano
long wave N — (Rad) onda f larga; (used as adj) de onda larga
II
[lɒŋ]VIto long for sth — anhelar algo, desear algo
to long for sb — suspirar por algn, añorar a algn
to long to do sth — tener muchas ganas de hacer algo, estar deseando hacer algo
* * *
I [lɔːŋ, lɒŋ]1)a) ( in space) <distance/hair/legs> largohow long do you want the skirt? — ¿cómo quieres la falda de larga?
the long and the short of it: the long and the short of it is that we have no money — en resumidas cuentas or en una palabra: no tenemos dinero
b) ( extensive) <book/letter/list> largo2) ( in time) <struggle/investigation> largo; <period/illness> prolongado, largohow long was your flight? — ¿cuánto duró el vuelo?
two months isn't long enough — dos meses no son suficientes or no es tiempo suficiente
she's been gone a long time/while — hace tiempo/rato que se fue
II
adverb -er, -est1) ( in time)are you going to stay long — ¿te vas a quedar mucho tiempo?
how much longer must we wait? — ¿hasta cuándo vamos a tener que esperar?
how long did it take you to get there? — ¿cuánto tardaste en llegar?, ¿cuánto tiempo te llevó el viaje?
how long have you been living here? — ¿cuánto hace que vives aquí?
I didn't have long enough to answer all the questions — no me alcanzó el tiempo para contestar todas las preguntas
sit down, I won't be long — siéntate, enseguida vuelvo (or termino etc)
not long ago o since — no hace mucho
2)a) (in phrases)before long: you'll be an aunt before long dentro de poco serás tía; before long they had bought more offices poco después ya habían comprado más oficinas; for long: she wasn't gone for long no estuvo fuera mucho tiempo; no longer, not any longer: I can't stand it any longer ya no aguanto más; they no longer live here — ya no viven aquí
b)as long as, so long as — (as conj) ( for the period) mientras; ( providing that) con tal de que (+ subj), siempre que (+ subj)
I'll remember it as o so long as I live — lo recordaré mientras viva
you can go so o as long as you're back by 12 — puedes ir con tal de que or siempre que vuelvas antes de las 12
III
to long to + INF — estar* deseando + inf, anhelar + inf (liter)
Phrasal Verbs:- long for
IV
(= longitude) LongСтраницыСм. также в других словарях:
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со всех языков на английский- Со всех языков на:
- Английский
- С английского на:
- Все языки
- Арабский
- Испанский
- Немецкий
- Русский
- Французский